Other Index 1: Natural Selection

1. █ Divider: 1
2. █ Section Title: Natural Selection
3. █ Natural selection actually seen to work in the peppered moth, in Manchester 1723, in Plymouth crabs 1815, in American sparrows 1816, in most mutations 1883, in Drosophila with gene 'ebony' 1886.
4. █ Example of a gene that has many and far-reaching effects 3506.
5. █ There are two sexes so as to bring together all mutations. Each valve in DAMS has two inputs for the same reason 3509.
6. █ Selection in stages can reduce the time from 2^p to P, 3662.
7. █ Similarity of my theory and natural selection, 1533, 1535.
8. █ The effect of selection on the distribution of a statistic 2713.
9. █ Parallel with the correction of arcs in multistable system by environment 2647.
10. █ Example how apparently useless characteristics may be selected 3501.
11. █ All improvement in performance is, by my theory, to be obtained only by elimination of the bad. We look, therefore, not for the good to be developed but for the bad to be removed 2839.
12. █ Grains of sand falling through a hole 3546.
13. █ In adaptation by heredity there is the recombination effect 1254. Quotation 2163.
14. █ Mendelian "dominant" and "recessive" applied to distributive system 1893. Financial example 1897.
15. █ Cumulative, additive, adaptation 3141.
16. █ Haldane on natural selection, 3501.
17. █ Mutation rate must not be too high, 3530.
18. █ Instability of sexual signals, 3543.
19. █ How to improve a very complex system, 3513.
20. █ Developing a super-chess playing system, 3530.
21. █ A full discussion of adaptation in heredity compared with adaptation by commution, { 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 } Complementary list, { 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 } .
22. █ Distillation of alcohol and water as selection with two, opposite, "adaptations", 1742.
23. █ Herbert Spencer's list: Vessel full of fragments shaken, Wind on leaves on trees, Winnowing, Deposits in river bed, Grading of emery, Removing soluble parts, Magnetism on mixture, Barium removed sulphates, Crystallization.
24. █ "Shacking together" as selective operator on the shapes of stones, 1731.
25. █ Waves on the coast as selective operators, 1737. So is a ratchet, 1836. Erosion and rain has a peculiarity, 1947.
26. █ "Adaptation" is an arbitary problem, the time one being "what happens?" (Hypohippus) 1478. Another example (overgrowth of fighting males) 1722.
27. █ Analogue of dispertion occuring [SHORTHAND] Darwinian adaptation. 4217.
28. █ Selective operators 1536. Five discovered by me, 1944.
29. █ The projective operators of quantum theory are selective; they have no inverses; 1838. A remarkable possibility to be noted, 1838.
30. █ A neurotic process like mutation must occur, 2275. (Phantom limb)
31. █ Fixity itself provides the means by which the fixity can be overthrown. All is movement 2906.
32. █ Predators tend to diverge from the usual appearance. This process has no resting state 2862.
33. █ In the cortex the relentless necessity for survival may lead to highly specialised properties in the patterns, having only that aim, i.e. useless to the individual, but not, of course, actually harmful, 3451.
34. █ The development of histological staining followed essentially Darwinian lines, 3527. Also pastry-making, 3527.
35. █ Natural selection of soap-bubble combinations, 3545.
36. █ Evolution as a random search for solutions of problems, 3511.
37. █ Illustration of the power of 'mere' selection, 3633.
38. █ Selection of audible words in "Russian scandal", 1741.
39. █ Rule that "bad money drives out good" as example of selection and "adaptation", 1744.
40. █ Survival-value is the crux of the whole thing, 1852. Are two values to each selective operator 1853. Words for it, 1853.
41. █ A gene has two survival-values, its chance of being destroyed by a competitor, and its chance of being destroyed by thermal agitation, 1913.
42. █ Genes produce adaptations in two ways, 2303, and thus protect themselves in two ways, 2315.
43. █ Mechainistic systems of tea show changes of behaviour after some critical event, e.g. motor car not running after an accident, alarm clock not ringing after movement of control lever, elastic breaking after stretching too far. Although motor car not running might be thought of as perhaps self preservation, yet the other examples show no vestiage of adaptation in their change; thus elastic makes separation of the ends easier. So there is no general rule.
44. █ Method for improving, 3513.
45. █ An objection to be answered, and its answer, 3461.
46. █ Organisation in business, 3721.
47. █ Evolution is, in a sense, regenerative and unstable, 3645.
48. █ Homeostasis = constancy = independence, why the latter? 2181. Answered 2314, to preserve the gene pattern.
49. █ Ultrstability as a form of selection, 3968, top.
50. █ Darwin's system, as an information-amplifier, 3617. DIAGRAM
51. █ Importance of the fact that the world is old, 3857.
52. █ Abstact form of 'selection', 4036.
53. █ Spreading of interest in hobbies as reproduction, 4074.
54. █ 'Partial' reproduction occurs when the occurrence of one merely increases the probability of another occurring. 4074.
55. █ Self-reproduction in instability, 4075.
56. █ What 'reproduces' is a vector or some more general 'quality' 4086.
57. █ Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { 4098 4099 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 4110 4111 4112 } .
58. █ There is no room for more than a few 'breeding' qualities, 4108.
59. █ Whether the quality is, at a moment later, in the same or different variables, doesn't matter, 4109 (example of mushrooms)
60. █ Evolution has developed those gene-patterns that form an information destroyer between themselves and the world 4133.
61. █ A supposedly systematic search over more than 10¹⁵ is random for the portion searched 3747.
62. █ Most intermediate variables are functions of both the genes and the environment 4133.
63. █ Monograph on Evolution { 4136 4137 4138 4139 4140 4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153 4154 4155 } .
64. █ Some qualities are such that T_t(Q) = α Q where T_t means 'let time t pass', and α is a numerical multiplier, then Φ(t) = Φ₀e (α-1)t 4151
65. █ Examples of 'qualities' that are self-reproducing: Autocatalysis, i.e. being a molecule of acetic acid (after ethyl acetate has been mixed with water), Combustion of gunpowder i.e. 'being a molecule at a high temperature', Spread of an epidemic, i.e. being ill with ....., Breeding of rabbits (i.e. being a molecule in a rabbit) 4154
66. █ When there is more than one self-producing quality, competition occurs, and selection, 4155.
67. █ Genes of very long endurance will force those of shorter to protect them 4171.
68. █ Tobacco mosaic protein can exist in many forms; but the only form that can persist through the generations is the self-reproducing type, 4184.
69. █ What do we mean by the "start" of a system? 4187.
70. █ Death acts as a cluster of genes, 4192.
71. █ Relation to multistable systems reviewed, 4198.
72. █ Selection for egg-laying, 4216.
73. █ How can the Darwinian system get self locked? 4240.
74. █ Speed of evolution, 4246.
75. █ Essential variables in hierarchy, do different levels, 4263.
76. █ Evolution as progression to independance of Brownian movement, 4377.
77. █ Fisher's explanation of apparent inertia in evolution, 4389.
78. █ Reproduction of genes; extra survival power given by combination in pairs 4523.
79. █ Theorum The rank of [∂f/∂x] is not invarient if the transformation is non-linear, Ashby 3771.
80. █ Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { 4606 4607 4608 4609 4610 4611 4612 4613 4614 4615 4616 4617 4618 4619 4620 }
81. █ Darwinian systems and the multistable system both use some of the theorums in the theory of large systems, 4620.
82. █ Evolution can be regarded as a "becoming immune to mutation" 4655.
83. █ Huxley and Fisher on Evolution (extracts from book) 4861.
84. █ The study of evolution must not be "to explain adaptation" but simply to deduce "what will happen?" 4930.
85. █ Sewall Wright's theories and calculations. Reprints 130, 131.
86. █ Genes and arcs of multistable systems regarded as similar, 5421.
87. █ Competition between Odds and Evens under multiplication 5797.
88. █ Survival under random operator 5828.
89. █ Selection intensifies selection. Simpson, 6469.