Volume 16

This page is still being loaded...

Click on any thumbnail to view the corresponding full-size scan. Listed above each thumbnail are any index keywords that Ross indexed the pages under. Click any blue keyword to view the index entry for that keyword. Blue frames indicate pages that you have not viewed, or that are no longer in your browser's cache.

---

1952

Volume 16

3941+03 3941+04

Summary: Examples showing how 'adaptation' means 'destroying information'. 4133, 4155, 4159, 4167 3942 3943

Lattice of partition Partition lattice theory 3944 3945

3946 3947

3948 3949

Summary: Partition and lattice. Information and lattice theory Summary: Partitions in absolute ensembles. 3950 3951

Behaviour two behaviours as constraint Step-mechanism faults in first "proof" Summary: Fault in book, to be corrected. Yes. 3966, 3986 Summary: Partitions in absolute ensembles. 3997 3952 3953

Experience Information fall under change of parameter Parameter allows information to fall 3954 3955

Activity positive effect of Memory filling of Oddments [32]: Prolonged activity of a parameter makes the system's behaviour tend to depend more on the parameter's particular line of behaviour than on the system's particular initial state, ●. Essential variables dominating a system The Multistable System [32]: Properties of each part depend more and more, as time goes on, what happens to it rather that on which initial state it started from. ●. 3956 3957

Summary: Input makes for uniformity. 4048, 4122 3958 3959

Information levels of Information what is necessary Summary: A quite different way of defining and handling the absolute system. 3962, 4019. Review, 4338 3960 3961

Basin invariant under time 3962 3963

Metric step-function and Step function in set-theory Summary: States and metric give field. 3964 3965

Ultrastability formal proof 3966 3967

Natural Selection [49]: Ultrstability as a form of selection, ●, top. Summary: Ultrastability can act without a metric. 3986 3968 3969

3970 3971

3972 3973

Basin in random field Connexion in random field Field (of substitution) random 3974 3975

3976 3977

Basin method for many Resting state maximal number Topology of my concepts Summary: How to get many resting states (argued without a metric). 3978 3979

3980 3981

Independence not invariant 3982 3983

Summary: My concepts divided into the topological and the metrical. 4026 Metric system without Summary: The concept of 'state' does not require number or metric. 3984 3985

Ultrastability formal proof 3986 3987

3988 3989

N-tuple Summary: Ultrastability proved at last! Worked out example 3967 Obsolete! 4232 Continuity is metrical 3990 3991

Step function topology of Summary: 'Step-functions' topologically. 4000, 4005, 4602 3992 3993

Unsolved problems [14]: Why do we take so much notice of a step-function? ●. (because of its 1-bit simplicity). Summary: Why do our brains take so much notice of a step-function? 4233 Information levels of Summary: 'Absoluteness' is relative to an observer. 4031, 4043. 3994 3995

Class I.e. not to individual Congruence Ideal (mathematical) Information 'complete' within limits Quotient machine and residue class Residues (of congruences) Basin as partition Partition lattice theory Summary: Residue classes in behaviour. 3996 3997

Chemical dynamics solution that goes blue Delay (in substitution) solution for showing delay Summary: A chemical dynamic system. 3998 3999

Part-function definition Step function improved definition 4000 4001

Joining geometric Summary: A more rigorous definition of full, part, step, and null functions. Try it on 3900, 4604 Personal notes [15]: Change of direction at Burden Neurological Institute. ●. Summary: Joining parts to form a whole. 4002 4003

Basin example Transformation decimal places 3 and 4 of log10(100+x) Summary: Change of direction. Summary: Examples of a single artificial absolute system. 4486 if some states become indistinguishable. Summary: Note on the subjective. 4004 4005

Part-function properties of system with The Multistable System [44]: Sub-systems of multistable system viewed topologically, ●. 4006 4007

4008 4009

The Multistable System [45]: Multistable system tends to have terminal fields with little activation, ●. Summary: Lewin's Topological Psychology. 4026 4010 4011

Oddments [38]: The variables common to two absolute systems must be absolute ●. Summary: Absolute systems. Q.E.D. Memory in action Psychiatric applications [19]: Schizophrenia might be due to an unfixing of memories that ought to stay fixed ●. 4012 4013

Unconscious, the memory in The Multistable System [46]: In the multistable system, essential variables must be mulitple if adaptation is to be progressive, ●. Summary: On memory and schizophrenia. Summary: For progressive adaptation the essential variables must be multiple. 4167 Summary: On infinitesimal disturbances. 4014 4015

Part-function lock and key as example Essential variables complexity of Summary: Examples of systems with part functions. 4016 4017

Summary: Two independent 'complexities' in the 'complex system'. 4167, 4189 History of system Teleology and system's history Summary: Importance of a system's history. 4041, 4048, 4302 4018 4019

Personal notes [16]: The 'Ashby' solution includes all solutions, ●. Summary: Interaction between adaptations. Summary: My solution includes all solutions. 4020 4021

Summary: S.8/2 should be re-worded. Class of states Distinguishability equivalence relation Metric system without State in classes 4022 4023

Absolute system of homomorphism Homomorphism over protocol Coursening Field (of substitution) can be made a vector Summary: 'Coarsening' an absolute system. 4041, 4475, 4919 4024 4025

Statistical mechanics Lashley on Topology of my concepts Summary: Field as vector. Summary: Meaning of 'topological'. Localisation Laskley on Memory in visual cortex The Multistable System [47]: Lashley supports the statistical view, ●. 4026 4027

Memory size of units Quotations [45]: "The organisation stability of a performance of the nervous system is greater than the precision of the underlying structural apparatus" Weiss, ●. Serial adaptation Lashley on Summary: Quotations 4028 4029

Absolute system origin of Summary: The absolute system does not imply a group. 4033 Homeostat equations etc Summary: An absolute system is a selected projection of the world-lines. 4038, 4043, 4292 4030 4031

Summary: The homeostat's equations. Summary: Being a one-parameter group is not sufficient to ensure absoluteness. 4032 4033

Summary: I formally reject the concept of 'group'. Summary: The 'group property' without groups. 4034 4035

Natural Selection [52]: Abstact form of 'selection', ●. Selection abstract definition Summary: Abstract, and objective form of 'selection'. Review: 4137. 4099, 4229 4036 4037

Summary: Non-metrical definition of 'stability'. Summary: Why not two, or more, representative points? 4121 4038 4039

Equivalence relation by not observing Summary: Every regular system can be made to yield an absolute system. 4042, 4302 4040 4041

Summary: A regular system is practically an absolute system. Absolute system origin of Summary: Nature of absoluteness. 4292, 4306 4042 4043

Joining non-metric 4044 4045

Summary: The joining of machines can be represented without a metric. 4332, 4471 Continuity in machine Summary: Continuity of transformation. 4046 4047

Epistemology experimenter in Experimenter is ensemble Epistemology [8]: The observer as ensemble ●. Originality 4048 4049

Summary: 'Observing' a system means letting the regularity of the system's behaviour lessen the scatter in the ensemble of experimenters. 4122, 4296, Review 4348 4050 4051

Summary: If a system is very large and its lines of behaviour very long, the 'later' ends of the lines must differ from the 'earlier' in some 'Darwinian' way. (Note on 4055) 4099, Review 4141, 4201 Essential variables complexity of Summary: Essential variables. 4161 4052 4053

Arc breeding of The Multistable System [48]: Perhaps arcs in the cortex breed, ●. Summary: In exposition, use non-learning systems as examples of organisational facts. Summary: Arcs breed. ? 4151, 4065 Self-locking system field of 4054 4055

Summary: The field of the self-locking system. 4065, 4155 4056 4057

Servo-mechanism as attendant Summary: The 'ordinary' and the 'statistical' machine differ only in the proportions allotted to the directly functioning part and the parameter-adjusting, servo-mechanistic part. 4061 4058 4059

Equilibrium examples in geology Summary: More examples of the stable and unstable. 4062, 4070, 4074 Summary: Example of 'stability' miss-used. Further examples 4062, 4070 4060 4061

Society [43]: Stabilising machinery in economic systems; free forms v. controlled forms, ●. Summary: Economic systems vary in their amounts of stabilising machinery. Knowing extent of Summary: The organism that 'knows' a line of behaviour is better if it knows the adjustment lines as well. Answered 4608 4062 4063

4064 4065

Summary: Musings on evolution and the cortex. Review: 4155, 4071 Noise must be used DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [74]: Some source must provide variation ●. 4066 4067

The Multistable System [49]: The intelligent adult is locked in this state ●. Summary: The basis of both the multistable and the evolving system is the self-locking system (and its superior, the self-reproducing). 4071, 4099, 4153, 4166, 4201, 4229 4068 4069

Summary: Learning that have to adapt to a fixed (reflex) mechanism. Summary: Meteorological dynamics. 4072 4070 4071

Summary: Self-reproducing systems. 4086, 4099, 4154 Summary: Complex systems can also be regular. 4072 4073

Reproduction growth of hobbies Natural Selection [53]: Spreading of interest in hobbies as reproduction, ●. Natural Selection [54]: 'Partial' reproduction occurs when the occurrence of one merely increases the probability of another occurring. ●. Natural Selection [55]: Self-reproduction in instability, ●. Summary: "Design for a Brain" must use methods of proof that correspond to what I hold are the natural, physiological, methods. 4074 4075

The Multistable System [50]: Random transformation used by card player - quotation, ●. Summary: Random transformations. Chess strategy in The Multistable System [51]: Selective correction, ●. 4076 4077

Noise pressure of Summary: The multistable system may have no trend if wrongly devised. 4080.0, 4175, 4201 4078 4079

Psychiatric applications [27]: Hidden 'pain' as a possible cause of psychosis, ●. Summary: Multiple faults in a machine. 4613, 4195, 4201 Summary: A possible cause of psychosis. 4080 4081

Mathematics as dynamic system Dimension Bronwer's theorem Summary: Waismann's book. 4082 4083

Summary: Example for localisation. Self-locking system molecule as Summary: Absolute systems within absolute systems. (Continued 4113) 4084 4085

Natural Selection [56]: What 'reproduces' is a vector or some more general 'quality' ●. Summary: More on evolution. 4610, Review 4201, 4155, 4099 4086 4087

Personal notes [17]: In discussion, before answering a question, force the question into a new, precise form before answering ●. Summary: In discussion, force every question to be converted to an acceptable form before answering. 4088 4089

Energy notes on Summary: Judge the difficulty of "Design for a Brain" by the comprehension shown by the average worker in EEG. Adjust the difficulty so that almost all such workers show comprehension. Entropy in physics Hover mouse here to display note 4090 4091

4092 4093

Entropy dimensions of Summary: Entropy etc. Set or Ensemble in experimenter 4094 4095

Diagram of immediate effects (D.I.E.) demonstration of Feedback demonstration of Summary: The demonstration of feedback requires three primary operations. Summary: How many primary operations are required to establish the diagram of immediate effects? 4096 4097

Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Summary: To study an absolute system of σ states, σ elementary operations are necessary, and they yield σ log σ of information. 4112 Arc individual adaptiveness Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. 4098 4099

Thing as set of constraints Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. 4100 4101

Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. 4102 4103

Control by parameter Thing control of Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. 4104 4105

Constraint "thing" as Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. 4106 4107

Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Natural Selection [58]: There is no room for more than a few 'breeding' qualities, ●. Self-locking system as point on scale Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Natural Selection [59]: Whether the quality is, at a moment later, in the same or different variables, doesn't matter, ● (example of mushrooms) 4108 4109

Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [52]: I do not argue that there must be Q's: I say that if there are responding Q's then they will be important. ●. Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. 4110 4111

Dream essential variables Natural Selection [57]: Comparison of adaptation in multistable system with adaptation in natural selection { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Summary: (a) Adaptations in multistable system and in Darwinian system compared (b) What is a 'thing'? (c) What is 'reproduction'? 4522 (d) A system is in a sense 'isolated' if the disturbances are statistically constant. Review 4137 Summary: Two points about dreams and the cortex. Delay (in substitution) of number of variables Summary: The difficulty of 'delay' is identical with the 'difficulty' of having too few variables. 4112 4113

4114 4114+01

4114+02 4115

Absolute system within absolute system Null-function in absolute system Summary: Absolute systems in absolute systems. 4119, 4145 4116 4117

Absolute system rank of ∂(F1...F1)/∂(x...t) Summary: Tests for absoluteness. 4118 4119

Absolute system within absolute system Summary: Absolute systems within absolute systems. 4145 4120 4121

Information destruction of Summary: The representative point may be divided into parts, as the whole system is thought of in parts. Design for a Brain first advert Personal notes [18]: First advertisment for "Design", ●. Summary: More on information. 4133 4122 4123

Step function necessary for memory 4124 4125

4126 4127

Step function and information Threshold and step-functions 4128 4129

4130 4131

Summary: On the necessity for step-functions. 4158, 4161, 4238 Adaptation as destruction of information Natural Selection [60]: Evolution has developed those gene-patterns that form an information destroyer between themselves and the world ●. Natural Selection [62]: Most intermediate variables are functions of both the genes and the environment ●. 4132 4133

4134 4135

Self-locking system two examples Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Summary: Destruction of information. 4164, 4166. Review 4151, 4385 Adaptation equals selection Selection monograph on Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. 4136 4137

Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [54]: By selecting from progressive classes, the intensity can be raised exponentially ●. 4138 4139

Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [55]: For really intense selection (a) thermal noise or cosmic radiation must be used as source (b) select by progressive stages. ●. Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Epistemology [9]: The study of very large systems, ●. 4140 4141

Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. 4142 4143

Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Epistemology [10]: When a very large system is to be studied, the observer must pick on some few statistics to observe ●. Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. 4144 4145

Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. 4146 4147

Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Epistemology [11]: When observing a very large system we should select those functions (those statistics) that are particularly likely to show a runaway ●. Waves as entity Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. 4148 4149

Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Eigen-theory value Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Natural Selection [64]: Some qualities are such that Tt(Q) = α Q where Tt means 'let time t pass', and α is a numerical multiplier, then Φ(t) = Φ0e (α-1)t ● The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. 4150 4151

Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Self-locking system as point on scale Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. 4152 4153

Self-locking system references Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Natural Selection [65]: Examples of 'qualities' that are self-reproducing: Autocatalysis, i.e. being a molecule of acetic acid (after ethyl acetate has been mixed with water), Combustion of gunpowder i.e. 'being a molecule at a high temperature', Spread of an epidemic, i.e. being ill with ....., Breeding of rabbits (i.e. being a molecule in a rabbit) ● The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. The Multistable System [56]: If a quality Q is to be self-reproducing the basic system must be fairly homogenous ●. Natural Selection [63]: Monograph on Evolution { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Natural Selection [66]: When there is more than one self-producing quality, competition occurs, and selection, ●. The Multistable System [53]: Mongraph on Evolution, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }. Summary: Evolutionary processes. 4172. Review 4201, 4790 Part 1: Selection. 4137. Part 2: The study of very large systems. 4141. Part 3: The properties of Φ(q) 4151 4154 4155

Information at runaway Summary: Runaway and information. 4303 4156 4157

Essential variables use variation amplifier DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [76]: The self locking, ultrastable system deduced from four postulates. DIAGRAM ●. Amplifier use of in ultrastability Variety necessity of 4158 4159

Epistemology [12]: The observer must be present to disturb the system if ultrastability is to be demonstrated ●. Summary: Adaptation of essential variables, (next page) 4163 Adaptation new formulation Basin and step-function Step function ultrastability without step function The Multistable System [57]: Adaptation can use either step-function or basins, ●. 4160 4161

The Multistable System [58]: Multistable systems does not need, but may advantageously have step-functions. ●. Summary: Adaptation without step-functions. Training new formulation DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [78]: Instability as a danger, ●. 4162 4163

Adaptation new formulation Habituation DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [77]: The various aspects of the behaviour of the adapting system seen from the new point of view, ●. Self-locking system ultrastable system Variety necessity of Summary: The adapting system - generalised, (next section). 4166, 4225 4164 4165

Amplifier of power and variety DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [75]: In the ultrastable system the arrangement is DIAGRAM ●. DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [79]: A thermostat has DIAGRAM ●. The Multistable System [59]: Essential variables must have a wide channel to the source of variety, ●. 4166 4167

Environment divisible into part controlled by the brain and part not DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [80]: The environment should be divided into (a) what the brain can affect (b) the rest. ●. 4168 4169

Natural Selection [67]: Genes of very long endurance will force those of shorter to protect them ●. Summary: (1) The homeostat is a self-regulator that uses information instead of power, but has the usual amplifier - with - negative - feedback. (2) The environment should be divided into (a) affected by the organism, (b) independent of the organism. (3) These give the fundamental control-flow relations. 4179, 4282, 4285 4170 4171

4172 4173

4174 4175

Summary: Darwinian adaptation, and the multistable systems. 4197, 4201 4176 4177

The Multistable System [60]: Separate clusters will tend to adapt in that way which gives minimal interaction, ●. Summary: Psychiatry of the information-block. DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [81]: Derivation of DIAGRAM from six postulates, ●. 4178 4179

Self-locking system definition DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [82]: The self-locking system will often be, internally, self-coordinating ●. Summary: The self-locking system will also often be internally self-locking. 4229 4180 4181

The Multistable System [61]: Channel capacity in multistable systems for rapid adaptation. ●. Summary: For rapid and successful adaptation in the Multistable System, δ, α,η and ζ must, as channels, have large capacities. Psychiatric applications [21]: According to Russell Davis, melancholia may be a self-locking condition ●. Psychiatric applications [40]: The abnormal regenative circuit that possesses a machine as a self-locking system ●. Summary: Origin of depression. Summary: The regenerative abnormality as self-locking system. 4229 4182 4183

Genes fundamental property Memory and genes Natural Selection [68]: Tobacco mosaic protein can exist in many forms; but the only form that can persist through the generations is the self-reproducing type, ●. Summary: Genes and memory. 4206 4184 4185

Intelligence equals power of selection Summary: The essence of intelligence is selection. 4285 Natural Selection [69]: What do we mean by the "start" of a system? ●. Summary: Chaos first becomes worth studying when a constancy appears. 4186 4187

Arc must be active [?] The Multistable System [62]: Lashley shows that most of the cells of the cortex must be active most of the time. ●. The Multistable System [63]: Discriminative feedback of the multistable system. ●, ●. Quotations [46]: Lashley says that the physiologists studies are very restricted, ●. Summary: Lashley on learning. 4188 4189

4190 4191

Natural Selection [70]: Death acts as a cluster of genes, ●. Oddments [40]: If I cannot prove that something is "sufficient", I may be able to prove that it is sufficient to give a high probability. ●. Summary: More observations on discriminative feedback. (Foot of this page) 4201 4613 Summary: Sufficient to ensure high probability of'. 4192 4193

Reducibility in multistable systems The Multistable System [63]: Discriminative feedback of the multistable system. ●, ●. Chess discriminative feedback Summary: Discriminative feedback. 4225, 4514, 4613, 4831 4194 4195

Model use of Summary: Discriminative feedback. 4216, 4201 Army models in Summary: Trial and error by model has advantages, if the system can achieve it. 4196 4197

Natural Selection [71]: Relation to multistable systems reviewed, ●. The Multistable System [64]: Relation to Darwinian evolution reviewed ●. 4198 4199

Epistemology [13]: Study of very large systems ●. Summary: Various ideas on Darwinian and multistable evolution. 4200 4201

4202 4203

4204 4205

Summary: Review of the relation of Darwinian to multistable system. 4216, 4239 4206 4207

4208 4209

Quotations [47]: Two principles in human nature reign: Self-love, to urge, and Reason, to restrain (Pope) ●. Summary: The conditioned reflex. 4424 Quotations [48]: Pope, quotation on mania and melancholia ●. Quotations [49]: But strength of mind is Exercise, not Rest: The rising tempest puts in act the soul, Parts it may ravage, but preserves the whole. Alexander Pope ● [Of the Nature and State of Man, With Respect to Himself as an Individual] Quotations [50]: Pope on the essential variables. ●. Quotations [51]: Dispersion. On different sensee different objects strike. Pope, ●. Quotations [56]: Quotation by Pope, ●. 4210 4211

Personal notes [19]: How to explain by Dr Johnson, ●. 4212 4213

Environment as transducer Environment as channel The Multistable System [65]: Communication between part and part can occur thru the environment, ●. Summary: Assume that the number of essential variables is large and given, and is much the same for all species. 4225 Summary: Feedback through the environment. 4214 4215

Coefficient use of Selection on egg-laying Natural Selection [72]: Selection for egg-laying, ●. The Multistable System [66]: Comparison with selection for egg-laying ●. Natural Selection [27]: Analogue of dispertion occuring [SHORTHAND] Darwinian adaptation. ●. 4216 4217

4218 4219

Optimum selection for egg-laying Discrimination in selection 4220 4221

Kew certificate Summary: Discriminative selection in poultry. 4233, 4239 Summary: The 'essential variable' of a watch that is to undergo trial for the Kew 'A' certificate. Logic nature of "proof" Mathematics what is a proof? Model statistics of Proof nature of Statistic necessity of Summary: Maths is not logical. 4539 4222 4223

Summary: The necessity for selecting variables. The Multistable System [67]: Relation of multistable system as defined in Design, to the system with environmental variables separated. ●. 4224 4225

DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [71]: The multistable system [SHORTHAND] essential variables are separated, ●. Determinate multistable systems as determinate Parameter system independent of Summary: The multistable system as merely one of many. 4226 4227

Summary: Definition of system 'independent' of a parameter. Habituation theory of Self-locking system conditions for Transducer limit of The Multistable System [68]: Conditions for a system to be self-locking, ●. DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [83]: Conditions for self-locking, ●. 4228 4229

Selection in transducer 4230 4231

Summary: Precise conditions under which a system is self-locking. 4242, 4275 Summary: Better proof of ultrastability. Invariant why so important Thing why important The Multistable System [69]: Multistable system will first stabilise two of the null-functions, ●. The Multistable System [70]: Why the multistable system takes invarients as fundamental, ●. Epistemology [14]: Invariants are important because they can be adapted to at once, ●. Summary: We take 'things' invariants, and null-functions as fundamental because we must. 4146.2, 4235.9, 4943 4232 4233

Summary: With 'state' as fundamental, canonical equations exist and parts can be joined, by parameters. 4604 Summary: With 'state' as fundamental, 'independence' can be defined. 4234 4235

4236 4237

Threshold as gate DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [84]: [SHORTHAND] Canonical equations [when] system as does essential variables separated. ●. Self-locking system in evolution Summary: The field of [DIAGRAM] 4238 4239

Genes self locking Natural Selection [73]: How can the Darwinian system get self locked? ●. The Multistable System [72]: The present-day, advanced, multistable system probably keeps melting down its adaptations, ●. Adaptation speeding up adaptation Summary: Darwinian and multistable systems. 4425, 4655 4240 4241

Speed (of adaptation) DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [59]: Design by me is not essentially different from design by a component, ●. 4242 4243

Coding in dispersion Dispersion can be learnt Selection amplifier Summary: How to get the time of adaptation to be reduced by the machine automatically. (Also) An ad hoc design is equivalent to a feedback loop with selection amplifier. 4246 Epistemology [15]: Entropy and observation, ●. Summary: The diagram is more general than it looks. Summary: Getting information from a system. 4244 4245

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Speed (of adaptation) of learning Natural Selection [74]: Speed of evolution, ●. Society [44]: Organisation of a super-society, ●, ●, ●. The Multistable System [73]: Factors affecting speed of adaptation, ●. Adaptation speeding up adaptation Speed (of adaptation) of learning 4246 4247

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Speed (of adaptation) of learning Adaptation speeding up adaptation Speed (of adaptation) of learning 4248 4249

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Speed (of adaptation) of learning Adaptation speeding up adaptation Model speed of Play speed of Speed (of adaptation) of learning Trial and error speed of 4250 4251

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Speed (of adaptation) of learning Adaptation speeding up adaptation Environment population of Speed (of adaptation) of learning 4252 4253

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Speed (of adaptation) of learning Adaptation speeding up adaptation Speed (of adaptation) of learning 4254 4255

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Speed (of adaptation) of learning Adaptation speeding up adaptation Speed (of adaptation) of learning Summary: On the time taken by a large system to get adapted. 4264, 4515, 4560 4256 4257

Personal notes [20]: Reviews of "Design": ● Observer, ● Citizen, ● British Medical Journal, ● Journal of Consulting Psychology, ● McCullock, ●. Hibbert Journal, ● Galaxy, ● Scientific American, ● Occupational Psychology. Design for a Brain Bronowski's review 4258 4259

Oddments [41]: How to build an exceptionally unintelligent machine, ●. Summary: Building an exceptionally un-intelligent machine. Essential variables various orders DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [60]: How to design a self-adapting machine, [SHORTHAND] how to make it evolve, ●. Summary: Building a machine to display its powers of self adjustment. 4260 4261

DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [85]: Essentail variables of different orders, ●. Summary: Orders or levels of essential variables. Natural Selection [75]: Essential variables in hierarchy, do different levels, ●. The Multistable System [74]: Mutistable system insufficiently general, as it has no levels, ●. Summary: Levels in social organisations and in the multistable system. 4262 4263

Society [44]: Organisation of a super-society, ●, ●, ●. 4264 4265

Jove's nod Nod of Jove Summary: Precise instructions for commercial organisation. 4269, 4273 Summary: Is the power of abstraction the same as the power of developing an hysterical blindness? 4266 4267

Model speed of Play as investment Summary: Play is an investment of surplus adaptation. 4271 (13), 4425 4268 4269

Levels of ultrastable systems Society [44]: Organisation of a super-society, ●, ●, ●. 4270 4271

Summary: Explicit instructions for commercial or social organisation. 4273 Chess organisation for Constraint transformation of Society [45]: Organisation of a chess-playing society, ●. 4272 4273

Summary: Building a society for chess-playing. 4274 4275

Intelligence comparison with power Summary: A better way of stating my 'limit' theorems, and 'trend' theorems. 4276 4277

Summary: Power and I.Q. have many similar properties. 4285 4278 4279

Levels of ultrastable systems Society [46]: Noise in the sub-units of society, ●. Summary: Appearance of a super-clever machine. Summary: 'Noise' when an Ultrastable System is built of Ultrastable Systems. 4280 4281

Amplifier entropy of Summary: By serial adaptation, time falls to its logarithm. Summary: The entropies of the variation-amplifier. 4285 4282 4283

Conflict between essential variables Essential variables conflict between Essential variables dominance between Levels of essential variables Society [47]: The essentialal variables of the people in a society are as functionally joined as if in the person, ●. The Multistable System [75]: Levels between essential variables. ●. Psychiatric applications [26]: Conflict between two essential variables, ●. Summary: Multiple, competing, essential variables lead to the same problem, whether occurring in one person or scattered among many. 4289 Intelligence as selection Selection intelligence as 4284 4285

4286 4287

Amplifier nature of Psychiatric applications [22]: Possible cures when essential variables complete, ●. Summary: A selection-amplifier, in the multiplying sense, is not wanted; but a selection-supplementer is. 4520 4288 4289

Canonical equations converting difference to differential equations Differential equation conversion to difference equations Differential equation to difference equations Summary: Therapeutic possibilities. Summary: Converting [x~=Ax] to x'=A'x 4290 4291

4291+01 4291+02

These images are reproduced courtesy of The Estate of W. Ross Ashby. Copyright 1972, 2008 © The Estate of W. Ross Ashby

---

Home | Journal | Bookshelf | Index | Other | Timeline | Symbols | Reprints | Refs | Abbreviations | ◄ | | ► | Help | Copyright