Vol. 17 of Ross Ashby's Journal

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1952



Volume 17



4291+03	4291+04

Knowing means 'controlling' DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [86]: 'Knowing' means controlling, ●.

4292	4293

DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [87]: Ultrastable system cannot stop until "Cortex" "knows" environment. ●.
Summary: What 'knowing' a system means. Contrast 4315. 4429, 4438. Better stated in transitions 4305
4294	4295

Black box, problem of the Black box by differences Difference replacing variable Memory and unobservables Unobservables replacement by other observations Variable replaced by difference

4296	4297

Personal notes [21]: I decide to write Introduction to Cybernetics ●. Personal notes [26]: The "Introduction to Cybernetics" was, apparently, written at Dad's suggestion. ●. Summary: Differences, at a finite time later, can replace variables. 4301, 5206

4298	4299

Summary: Shannon's theory in its relation to the theory of the absolute system. 4312, 4396. Review 4345
Epistemology [16]: No one is a proper judge of whether he has or has not obtained "knowledge" ●.
4300	4301

Dimension of parametric control History examples Memory in system Parameter control exerted by Summary: Effectiveness of parameters with finite substitution. Applied 4414
Information at runaway Epistemology [17]: Knowledge must mean 'control' if it is to be objective, ●. Summary: Examples of states that include history. Summary: Knowledge must be tested by control. 4438
4302	4303

Triunique mapping
Summary: One-one-one relation between parameter and transition. 4396
4304	4305

Circularity of my brain studying "the brain" Epistemology [18]: Circularity of my theory, ●.
Summary: My theory must become more circular, showing how an ultrastable brain is bound to work via the absolute system, etc. 4814
4306	4307


Design for a Brain Citizen's review Personal notes [20]: Reviews of "Design": ● Observer, ● Citizen, ● British Medical Journal, ● Journal of Consulting Psychology, ● McCullock, ●. Hibbert Journal, ● Galaxy, ● Scientific American, ● Occupational Psychology.
4308	4309

Transmission from system to system Epistemology [19]: "Knowing" as being at the right memory-state ●. Summary: Entropy with two outputs, and the transmission of information from system to system. 4312, 4429
Group (mathematical) not all science Epistemology [20]: All knowledge is knowledge of transformation, ●. Summary: Scientific knowledge is knowledge of a transformation. 4344, 4454
4310	4311

Parameter dominating system Transmission from system to system Variety defined

4312	4313


Summary: 'Variety' in systems.
4314	4315

Summary: 'Variety' in systems. See page 4327

4316	4317



4318	4319



4320	4321



4322	4323



4324	4325


Transformation Monograph
4326	4327

Transformation Monograph
Closure defined Group (mathematical) origin of Transformation Monograph
4328	4329

Transformation Monograph Variable defined
Transformation Monograph Variety in image
4330	4331

Joining of systems Transformation Monograph
Transformation Monograph
4332	4333

Transformation Monograph
Set or Ensemble of machines Transformation Monograph
4334	4335

Capacity information Transformation Monograph Variety in state

4336	4336+01


Transformation Monograph
4336+02	4337

Transformation Monograph Variety theorem on limits
Transformation Monograph
4338	4339

Impulse disturbances reduced to Transformation Monograph
Transformation Monograph
4340	4341

Transformation Monograph
Transformation Monograph
4342	4343

Machine definition Transformation Monograph
Set or Ensemble of machines Transformation Monograph
4344	4345

Entropy limit of Transformation Monograph
Transformation Monograph
4346	4347

Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Answer nature of Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4348	4349

Control nature of Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4350	4351

Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4352	4353

Memory during control Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4354	4355

Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4356	4357

Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4358	4359

Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4360	4361

Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4362	4363

Transformation Monograph Epistemology [21]: Nature of knowledge and control, Review { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Feedback and spread of variety Transformation Monograph
4364	4365

Transformation Monograph Triunique = bilinear
Bilinear system Transformation Monograph
4366	4367

Transformation Monograph
Transformation Monograph
4368	4369

Transformation Monograph

4370	4371

1953

Transmission from system to system
Summary: Variety in state accumulates.
4372	4373

Homogeneity by parameters Society [48]: An evolving system needs long-term memories as well as short, ●. The Multistable System [76]: An evolving system requires long term memories as well as short, ●. Summary: Uniform activity in the parameters drives down variety in state.
Basin Summary: Long-term memories.
4374	4375

Summary: On basins.
Delay (in substitution) as basic concepts Natural Selection [76]: Evolution as progression to independance of Brownian movement, ●. Summary: 'Delay' need not be rejected as a basic concept.
4376	4377

Competition equals trials Design for a Brain British Medical Journal review Experiment = competition Trial and error equals competition Society [49]: Trial = competition = experiment, ●. Personal notes [20]: Reviews of "Design": ● Observer, ● Citizen, ● British Medical Journal, ● Journal of Consulting Psychology, ● McCullock, ●. Hibbert Journal, ● Galaxy, ● Scientific American, ● Occupational Psychology. Summary: Note on Darwinism. Summary: 'Experiment' = 'competition'. 4384

4380	4381

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Speed (of adaptation)
Alpha rhythm and cell's activities Threshold and α-rhythm Summary: There is a maximal speed at which evolution or adaptation can proceed. The best one can do is to get near the maximum. 4384
4382	4383

Dispersion and alpha rhythm Summary: The α-rhythm.
Homeostasis basic theory Regulation basic theory DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [88]: Speed of adaptation demands trials, ●. Summary: Speed of adaptation can be achieved only by trials and comparisons.
4384	4385

Requisite Variety, Law of proof by inverse
Summary: Regulation (destruction of information) requires extra information. Continuous form 4395, 4658
4386	4387

Constraint and step-function Protocol constraint in Step function = lack of variety Summary: Lack of variety and step-function are equivalent. 4439, 4440
Homeostasis transients [no] Regulation transients in Transient defined Natural Selection [77]: Fisher's explanation of apparent inertia in evolution, ●. Summary: Apparent inertia in adaptation.
4388	4389

Transient maximal length

4390	4391

Summary: 'Transient' translated into non-metric terms. 4644 (vol.18)
Computing machines digital and analogue Summary: Gödel's coding. Theorem 5086 Summary: Digital and analogue.
4392	4393

Society [50]: Example showing present ignorance about organisation, ●. Summary: Quotation showing gross ignorance of the principles of organisation, by one who should know better.
Homeostasis continuous form Invariant [no] homeostasis Regulation continuous form Summary: Two functions combining to an invariant. 4658
4394	4395

Transducer inverse of
Machine non-singular Transducer non-singular
4396	4397



4398	4399

Coding theory of
Summary: The absolute system as coder and decoder. Extended 4414, 4461
4400	4401


Immunity defined Self-locking system conditions for
4402	4403

Habituation theory of

4404	4405

Basin selection of

4406	4407



4408	4409

Summary: Limiting basin when determinate machine is affected occasionally by impulse-operate. 4524, 5512
Oddments [42]: When many variations are possible, pick on one to prove it vigorously; the effect of modifications can then easily be seen. ●. Summary: Proof of theorem Summary: When many related theorems are possible, pick on one and prove it quite rigorously; the exact details will then show the exact effect of each proposed variation.
4410	4411

Fixation Maier on Summary: (An addendum)
Input trasition as input Transition probability as input
4412	4413



4414	4415

Shorthand started Personal notes [22]: I start shorthand, ●, I stop it, ●, List of symbols, ●. Summary: Canonical equations of the decoder.
Amplifier and loss of information DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [62]: Magnification causes loss of information, ●.
4416	4417

Dispersion theory of Linear system importance The Multistable System [78]: Dispersion changes variety in value to variety in position. ●. Summary: Magnification and dispersion from the point of view of information. 4422 Summary: If information is to be conserved, linearity must be achieved everywhere.
Psychiatric applications [23]: Messages heavily contaminated with noise may be best ignored. ●.
4418	4419

Summary: Proof that messages that are heavily contaminated with noise are best ignored.
Summary: Necessary conditions for a system to have resting states that differ only at a few variables.
4420	4421

DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [63]: Effect of magnification in DAMS, ●.
Design for a Brain review Self-locking system as invariant Personal notes [20]: Reviews of "Design": ● Observer, ● Citizen, ● British Medical Journal, ● Journal of Consulting Psychology, ● McCullock, ●. Hibbert Journal, ● Galaxy, ● Scientific American, ● Occupational Psychology. Summary: Effect of magnification on behaviour.
4422	4423

Invariant "self-locking" as Invariant "stable" as Reflex, conditioned as loss of transmission The Conditioned Reflex [43]: Conditioned reflex as loss of transmition, ●. Summary: Invariants of a dynamic system with parameters. Summary: The Conditioned Reflex as a loss of power to transmit. 4430
Genes more fundamental Summary: Distinguish variety in design from variety during performance. Continued 4427 top, 4427, 4428, 4431
4424	4425

Arc competition among Order of time Organisation implies constancy The Conditioned Reflex [42]: The multistable system probably promotes competition between it's component arcs, ●.
Design amount of
4426	4427

Knowing as selection of vector Summary: A system can "know" by having the right values of variables or parameters. 4438
Information in machine Summary: When a designer makes a machine of n states and a parameter-combinations, he puts in variety of a.n.log n This is its intrinsic content. 4463, 4704
4428	4429

Graph definition Machine falls in capacity Epistemology [22]: Estimates of how fast knowledge can be got from a machine ●. Summary: Information that can come from a machine.
Entropy and information
4430	4431

Information per word Memory information in Summary: Trial and error in reaction to shock. Summary: Information in printed English.

4432	4433



4434	4435

Relation binary
Summary: Riguet on binary relations. 4470, 4498, 4566, 4581, 4604, 4632
4436	4437

Prediction as regulation Epistemology [23]: 'Prediction' and 'control' are forms of regulation, ●.
Constraint wave as Thing as constraint Waves as entity Summary: Prediction and control are just forms of regulation. Summary: Wave as constraint; travelling immobility. 4440, 4943
4438	4439


Constraint examples Dimension and constraint Rank and constraint Summary: Way of behaving, constraint, thing, part-function.
4440	4441

Constraint meaning of
Summary: More an "constraint". 4553, 4564
4442	4443

Entropy computing Information computing
Summary: Computing entropy.
4444	4445

Design for a Brain review Shorthand stopped Personal notes [20]: Reviews of "Design": ● Observer, ● Citizen, ● British Medical Journal, ● Journal of Consulting Psychology, ● McCullock, ●. Hibbert Journal, ● Galaxy, ● Scientific American, ● Occupational Psychology. Personal notes [22]: I start shorthand, ●, I stop it, ●, List of symbols, ●. Summary: Shorthand has more disadvantages than advantages. List of symbols:- End of this volume and 5108
Summary: ~~Every material system is equivalent to a transducer and a noise-source.~~ [deleted]
4446	4447

Design nature of Information in machine Summary: One formulation covers "design" "input" and "noise". (Next section) 4449
Epistemology [24]: Distinction between 'design' and 'input' ●.
4448	4449

Black box, problem of the first considered Input nature of

4450	4451



4452	4453

Black box, problem of the theory of Summary: Information in a machine. 4701, 4847
Quantum theory and Black Box Epistemology [25]: Theory of Black Box, ●.
4454	4455


Algebra Black Box as Machine as an algebra
4456	4457

Black box, problem of the isomorphism Invariant of Black Box Isomorphism in Black Box
Group (mathematical) not all science
4458	4459


Design within Black Box Transducer inverse of
4460	4461

Summary: Outline of the theory of the Black Box. 4480
Design nature of
4462	4463


Summary: What "designing" a machine means abstractly.
4464	4465



4466	4467


Summary: The variation of the essential variables must be supplemented. 4482, 4581
4468	4469

Information two need not interact Summary: A single machine contains many "informations", most of which do not interact with the others. Example 4577
Joining general theory Summary: Joining absolute systems without metric. Example 4473, 4498, 4733
4470	4471

Operator ∩ (intersection) as selector Selection by ∩ (intersection operator) Summary: Must every system drift to the condition of maximal internal separation? 4500, 4524 Summary: Cap or intersection as selective operator. Summary: Unsolved problem. Solved 5009

4472	4473

Variety implies a set Summary: Anything that can have variety is really a set.
Distinguishability equivalence relation Epistemology [26]: Indistinguishability is an equivalence relationship, ●.
4474	4475



4476	4477

Algebra Black Box as Black box, problem of the homomorphism in Compatibility machine and equivalence relation Equivalence relation in machinne Homomorphism applied incorrectly Quotient machine by indistinguishability Epistemology [27]: Black Box may admit a homomorphism ●.
Summary: The relation "observer A cannot distinguish x from y"; homomorphism. 4501, 6254
4478	4479

Design nature of Summary: Are there "levels" of design? 4595
Black box, problem of the is a set Random coding Set or Ensemble Black Box as Epistemology [28]: The Black Box is a set ●. Epistemology [52]: Dispersion is used by the experimenter in recording his results, ●. Summary: The Black Box is a set. Summary: Randomisation as a way of passing a message that is no message.
4480	4481

Summary: The whole cannot be at a resting state unless every part is are a resting state. 4508, 4581, Example 2916.7, Markov chain 4904
Veto in equilibria Summary: How the homeostat works. 4520, 4538, 4581, 4701
4482	4483

Quotient machine by indistinguishability Epistemology [29]: Homomorphisms in the Black Box, ●.

4484	4485



4486	4487


Ideal (mathematical) homomorphism in machines
4488	4489



4490	4491

Lattice of homomorphisms
Summary: Partial knowledge; equivalent relation between machines. 4729, 4777, 5001
4492	4493

Asymmetry importance of Constraint generates pattern Pattern (in general) as constraint Summary: More constraints means fewer possibilities but more discoverable patterns, 4504 Summary: In set theory, remember that inequalities are likely to have cybernetic applications. 4503
Set or Ensemble set theory Summary: Set theory and its use.
4494	4495

Oddments [43]: Large small machines, and small large machines ●. Summary: 'Large' and 'small' machines.
Quotient machine gas laws Summary: Logic and theory.
4496	4497

Mapping joining systems Summary: Homomorphism in machines.

4498	4499

Summary: Joining machines.
Continuity is non-metrical Metric by clasification Set or Ensemble set theory Topology in machines
4500	4501

Distinguishability in brain
Information conservation in chain
4502	4503

Structure by constraint Summary: Observations on set theory.
Algebra Black Box as Ultrastability formal proof
4504	4505



4506	4507

Veto in equilibria
Ergodism and experience Ergodism von Neumann's theorem Summary: Principle of ultrastability stated more vigorously. Better still 4581
4508	4509

DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [64]: DAMS described as a shuffling machine ●. Summary: Ergodicity and loss of information.
DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [65]: Strategy for getting DAMS better aligned ●. Summary: Tactics for getting DAMS better aligned.
4510	4511

Algebra machine and internal composition
Summary: Machines are related to the algebraic laws of internal composition, as well as those of external.
4512	4513

Constraint and departments
Structure as partial knowledge Society [51]: Organisation between departments as partial solution of the problem ●.
4514	4515



4516	4517


Summary: Built-in structure in an adapting system implies that part of the solution has already been obtained. 4599, 4600
4518	4519

Selection amplifier
Unsolved problems [15]: Paradox of which is the more important, permanence or change ●. Summary: Amount of selection and ultrastability. 4582.6, 4904
4520	4521

Genes reproduction of Information on chromosomes
Natural Selection [78]: Reproduction of genes; extra survival power given by combination in pairs ●. Summary: How chromosomes reproduce themselves. High survival power.
4522	4523

Disturbance habituation to Habituation theory of
Habituation theory of
4524	4525

Habituation theory of
Habituation theory of
4526	4527

Habituation theory of
Habituation theory of DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [66]: Habituation in DAMS, theory of, ●.
4528	4529

Habituation theory of
Habituation theory of
4530	4531

Habituation theory of
Essential variables relation to selection amplifier Habituation theory of
4532	4533

Habituation theory of
Habituation theory of Summary: Habituation. 4559, 4596, 4609, 4762, 5512
4534	4535

Summary: Formal proof that, if a set is stable, no state in it can lead ever to a state outside the set.
Adaptation motive power for Entropy as prime mover Summary: Power for adaptation. (See next page) 4583
4536	4537


Markov process / chain in machine Summary: Adaptation needs a transducer between the prime (statistical) mover and the useful result. 4583 Summary: Markov processes in machines.
4538	4539

Markov process / chain in chain of machines Markov process / chain in machine
Markov process / chain in machine
4540	4541

Markov process / chain in machine
Markov process / chain in machine
4542	4543

Markov process / chain in machine
Markov process / chain in machine Society [52]: The human brain may not be an optimal component ●. Summary: Markoff process in machinery. 4671 Summary: The human brain may not be optimal for inclusion in computer.
4544	4545

Trial and error sub-trials The Multistable System [79]: Trials within trials are an important advanced method ●.
Society [53]: Trials may [be] conducted as details within larger trial only if functionally disconnected while they are going on. ●. Summary: Trials within trials, or the admission of variation into sub-units of an ultrastable system.
4546	4547

Reducibility example DAMS (Dispersive and Multistable System) [89]: Example of how the existence of a constraint can shorten a search, ●.
Summary: Examples of how reducibility shortens time of search. 4552, 4563, 4650, 4948
4548	4549

Canonical form all problems Problems canonical form Epistemology [30]: Reduction of all problems to canonical form ●.

4550	4551

Summary: All problems can be reduced to a cononical form. 4560, 4585
Model speed of Society [54]: Value of using models ●.
4552	4555


Isomorphism use of Pattern (in general) use of Summary: The method of models, for quicker searching. Review 4560-4575
4556	4557

Summary: Isomorphism between machines.
Dependance = distinguishability Distinguishability and dependence Distinguishability tends to fall The Multistable System [80]: The theory dependencies is that of distinguishabilities ●. Epistemology [31]: Distinguishability is related to dependence ●. Summary: Distinguishability correspond to dependence.
4558	4559

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4560	4561

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Relation defines subset Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4562	4563

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Reducibility reviewed Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Reducibility reviewed Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4564	4565

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Reducibility reviewed Reducibility in set theory Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Reducibility reviewed Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4566	4567

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Continuity as constraint Reducibility reviewed Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Adaptation speeding up adaptation Chess discontinuity in Constraint effects of Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4568	4569

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Selection as application Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4570	4571

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4572	4573

Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Adaptation speeding up adaptation Constraint effects of Speed (of adaptation) of learning Society [55]: Methods of getting solution more quickly { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● } Summary: (1) A first estimate of how long a problem will take in the solving might be given by the product of the possibilities in its components, assuming independence. (2) This is a bad estimator, being biassed. It is in fact an upper bound of the true value. (3) By the use of models the process of search can often be hastened. (4) Often the component are not independent, and only a portion of the product-space need be searched. Various factors (described) may have this effect. (5) Selection by components may be possible. It reduces the time to its logarithm. (6) there is a minimal time for the solution of a problem (or adaptation): it is the time that the fastest isomorphic system can get the answer out in binary notation. 4650, 4668
4574	4575

Topology necessity for
Information two need not interact Linkage Meccano linkage Summary: Poincaré on the study of functions.
4576	4577

Random movements giving trigonometrical equation Summary: Two messages in a channel need not interact. 4641
Selection quantity of Summary: Emission of "cos²x + sin²x =1" randomly.
4578	4579

Amplifier and selection Summary: Two agents may select the same element, yet differ widely in their degrees of selection. 4583, 4598
Ultrastability formal proof
4580	4581

Summary: Rigorous statement of ultrastablity. 4881, 4904, 5046

4582	4583

Summary: Relation of essential variables to selection-amplifier. 4586
Problems solving problems Selection of solution Solution (to a problem) finding
4584	4585


Summary: What is 'problem solving'?
4586	4587

Set or Ensemble real object as element

4588	4588+01


Summary: Every real object is an element in an indefinitely large number of sets. Which sets are to be considered must first be defined.
4588+02	4589



4590	4591

Dynamic system game as dynamic system Games as dynamic system Strategy in dynamic system The Multistable System [85]: The theory of games as a chapter in that of the multistable system. ●.
Summary: Neumann's theory of games translated into my theory of systems. 4650
4592	4593

Summary: Stability checked.
Design as input Design for a Brain review in 'Galaxy' Equilibrium proper definition Personal notes [20]: Reviews of "Design": ● Observer, ● Citizen, ● British Medical Journal, ● Journal of Consulting Psychology, ● McCullock, ●. Hibbert Journal, ● Galaxy, ● Scientific American, ● Occupational Psychology. Summary: Review of the book.
4594	4595

Basin Traffic principle nature Summary: 'Equilibrium' refers to a state, 'stability' to the region around the state.
Continuity as constraint Information in stimulus Stimulus information in Summary: Properties of metric-less system. 4623
4596	4597

Summary: The fullest description of a 'stimulus' is still inadequate to define its content of information.
Oddments [44]: The ultrstable system studied by me is one that starts by knowing almost nothing; it starts therefore somewhat handicapped ●. Summary: In comparing an ultrastable (mechanical) solver with Man we must take care that they start with comparable amounts of prior knowledge.
4598	4599

Summary: Ways of getting effective discriminative feedback are to be found specially, for each type of system, not as a general problem. 4613, 4641, 5548
Control in set theory Dimension and constraint
4600	4601

Part-function in set theory Step function in set-theory Summary: Control, and part-function, in terms of set theory. 4604
Incentive in society Variable can be non-metric Society [57]: Incentives in social organisation ●. Summary: Incentives in the ultrastable system.
4602	4603

Canonical equations in set theory Independence non-metric form Null-function can be non-metric Set or Ensemble my concepts in set-theory Summary: Practically all my concepts are non-metrical.
Basin General Staff history of Reducibility and basins Society [58]: The German General Staff ●. Summary: Having several basins has nothing to do with being divisible into parts. Noticed again 5502
4604	4605

Evolution reviewed Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● } Personal notes [23]: Re-read my notes completely from page 1000 on, ●. Summary: Organisation of the German General Staff. 6534
Evolution reviewed Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● } Summary: Is the Darwinian system a specialised one? 4608, 4613
4606	4607

Essential variables in Darwinian system Evolution reviewed Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● } Summary: How much of a field should be known?
Evolution reviewed Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● } Summary: In Darwinian evolution; the part of ess.var. is played by those parts whose disequilibrium leads to widespread disturbance around them.
4608	4609

Evolution reviewed Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Evolution reviewed Self-locking system in set theory Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
4610	4611

Evolution reviewed Property reproducing Reproduction in set-theory Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● } Summary: Self locking and self-reproducing systems in the terms of set theory.
Evolution reviewed Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● } Summary: Precise statement of the fact that instability is infectious.
4612	4613

Evolution reviewed Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Evolution reviewed Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● } Summary: What Darwin really did do. 4618
4614	4615

Evolution reviewed Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● } Summary: Darwin's actual theory.
Evolution reviewed Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● } Summary: What does "endurance" mean?
4616	4617

Evolution reviewed Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● }
Evolution reviewed Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● } Epistemology [33]: Darwin's method for the study of complex systems ●. Summary: Darwin's method for the study of complex systems. 4655
4618	4619

Evolution reviewed Knowing theory of Natural Selection [80]: Relation between multistable systems and evolving genetic system reviewed, { ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● } Natural Selection [81]: Darwinian systems and the multistable system both use some of the theorums in the theory of large systems, ●. The Multistable System [86]: The multistable system resembles the Darwinian because both share large numbers of common theorums in the much larger theory of systems. ●. Summary: Darwin's theory and that of the multistable system are related by intersecting in a set of theorems that contains both. Summary: How to develop the theory of "knowing".

4620	4621

Equilibrium proper definition Stability defined in set theory Stable set defined Summary: How a machine transforms a set of representative points in its field.
Dynamic system as a stable set
4622	4623

Accessible state Stable set generated by set Summary: "Stability"defined. A "machine" is a stable sub-set. 4630, 4632, 4643, 4656, 4795 Summary: Every set in a machine generates a stable set that contains it. 4630
Variety in set theory
4624	4625


Summary: Studying variety with the methods of the theory of sets.
4626	4627

Mapping stimulus as Operator stimulus as Stimulus as application
Summary: Repetition of a well-defined stimulus simply creates a new, compound, operator, that has stable sets with new, interesting, properties. 4630, 4632
4628	4629

Mapping product mapping Operator product operator Stimulus compound
Summary: Stable sets of a product application. 4762
4630	4631

Basin algebraic definition Basin algebraic form
Constitution (political) need for Society [59]: Cromwell on the necessity for a constitution, ●. Summary: "Basin" defined algebraically. Better 4743
4632	4633

Optimum Yates' principle Strategy money in research Summary: Strategy. 4640
Additive adaptation costing and Costing as strategy Society [60]: Costing as method ●.
4634	4635

Homeostasis 'costing' as method Regulation "costing" as method

4636	4637

Quotations [7]: "Out of the mass of interesting data which is available in any business, how much is worth collecting? The answer: Only that which can influence policy" Edwards, ●.
Null-function ignorable
4638	4639

Discrimination in selection Model in accountancy Summary: The costing accountant and the strategy of control.
Adaptation of parts The Multistable System [87]: Parts of multistable system can adapt simultaneously provided channel width is adequate and a disperser is provided. ●. Summary: Mechanism for simultaneous adaptation. 4577, 5417
4640	4641

Essential variables maximising Society [61]: When limits of essential variables are 0 and + ∞, and random disturbances are likely, best strategy is to make the value maximal, as with profits, ●. Society [62]: Self locking by, Standing Orders ●. Summary: "Maximising profits" as a "keeping within limits."
Group (mathematical) not all science Self-locking system in Parliament Stable set in science Standing Orders self-locking Personal notes [20]: Reviews of "Design": ● Observer, ● Citizen, ● British Medical Journal, ● Journal of Consulting Psychology, ● McCullock, ●. Hibbert Journal, ● Galaxy, ● Scientific American, ● Occupational Psychology. Summary: Self-locking in society.
4642	4643



4643+01	4643+02



4643+03	4643+04

Volume 17

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